Happiness has been a universal aspiration of humankind for centuries, yet it remains one of the most elusive concepts. While everyone seeks happiness, many struggle to achieve lasting contentment. What does happiness truly mean from a psychological perspective? Why is India slowing down in the happiness index? And why is Generation Z facing an unprecedented mental health crisis? Let’s delve into these questions with a psychological and analytical approach.
Psychologists define happiness not as a fleeting emotion but as a state of well-being that encompasses life satisfaction, purpose, and positive emotions. Martin Seligman, the founder of Positive Psychology, introduced the PERMA Model, which outlines five key elements of happiness: Positive Emotions, which include experiencing joy, gratitude, and love; Engagement, being deeply absorbed in activities; Relationships, building meaningful social connections; Meaning, finding purpose beyond oneself; and Accomplishment, achieving personal and professional goals.
Studies show that happiness is influenced by genetics (about 50%), circumstances (10%), and intentional activities (40%). This means that while some factors are beyond our control, individuals can take actionable steps to improve their happiness.
Despite the knowledge of what contributes to happiness, people often chase the wrong sources of joy. Many equate happiness with external achievements—wealth, status, or material possessions—only to find that these do not lead to long-term satisfaction. The hedonic treadmill concept explains why people quickly adapt to positive changes, returning to their baseline level of happiness. For instance, someone might feel euphoric after buying a luxury car, but after a few months, the excitement fades. The same applies to promotions, relationships, or social media validation. True happiness, as psychological research suggests, lies in intrinsic fulfillment rather than extrinsic rewards.
India, despite its rapid economic growth, has been experiencing a decline in global happiness rankings. Several factors contribute to this trend. Economic inequality has widened despite economic progress, leading to social discontent. Work stress and burnout due to competitive job markets, long working hours, and workplace dissatisfaction contribute to mental exhaustion. Lack of social cohesion, driven by urbanization and migration, has led to weaker community ties, increasing loneliness. Mental health stigma remains a major issue, preventing people from seeking help. Political and social unrest, rising political tensions, social conflicts, and environmental issues have also impacted the overall national mood.
Generation Z (born between 1999 and 2012) is facing alarming rates of depression and anxiety. Several psychological and societal factors explain this trend. Social media and digital overload have made Gen Z the first generation to grow up entirely in the digital era. While social media offers connectivity, it also fosters unrealistic comparisons, cyberbullying, and a fear of missing out (FOMO), leading to low self-esteem and anxiety. Economic uncertainty, rising inflation, and uncertain job markets have led to financial stress. Academic and career pressures create immense psychological strain, while declining face-to-face interactions result in weaker social bonds and increased loneliness. Mental health awareness has grown, but without adequate support, many young individuals lack access to affordable and effective mental health care.
Despite these challenges, individuals and societies can take steps to improve well-being. Practicing gratitude regularly improves emotional well-being. Limiting social media consumption and engaging in real-world activities enhance happiness. Fostering strong relationships with family and friends contributes to long-term fulfillment. Prioritizing mental health through therapy, mindfulness, and self-care routines improves psychological resilience. Finding meaning and purpose by aligning actions with values, engaging in hobbies, and contributing to society provide deeper satisfaction.
Happiness is not a destination but a journey shaped by mindset, choices, and societal structures. While India faces socio-economic challenges and Gen Z battles mental health struggles, understanding the psychological roots of happiness can help individuals and policymakers create environments that promote genuine well-being. By shifting focus from external achievements to internal fulfilment, humans can cultivate lasting happiness in an ever-evolving world.
